Army Technical Intelligence Chronology: Appendices

Army Technical Intelligence Chronology
Appendices

Robert L. Bolin

University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Lincoln, NE
2005

These appendices are parts of a larger web document.
For more information, see the Title Page and Contents.

The Appendices

Abbreviations
Glossary
You may leap to: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | W
Alphabetic Title List
Listing all books, documents, orders, etc. cited in Chapter 4, Official Documents; in Chapter 5, Unpublished References; or in Chapter 6, Bibliography.
Sources Organizations holding rare items cited in the bibliography.

Appendices

Abbreviations

ACS, G-2: Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2; See Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence.
ACSI: Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence.
ACTI: Army Committee on Technical on Technical Intelligence.
AFMIC: Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center
AMC: Army Materiel Command.
AMCR: Army Materiel Command Regulation.
AMEDD: Army Medical Department .
AMS: Army Medical Service.; Army Map Service.
AR: Army Regulations.
ASF: Army Service Forces.
ASubjScd: Army Subject Schedule.
ATP: Army Training Program
BFM: Basic Field Manual. A long obsolete term for a regular field manual.
Bull: Bulletin.
C: Change. Used in identifying changes to Army field manuals, like "C2, FM 30-15, 23 Aug 48."[The date is the date the change was issued.]
C: Chief. [Used in combination, like CSigO for Chief Signal Officer.] TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.; See Chief of Service.
CCMLO: Chief Chemical Officer
CE: Corps of Engineers.
CG: Commanding General.
Cir: Circular.
CIV: Civilian
CO: Commanding Officer.
CONARC: Continental Army Command".
CONUS: Continental United States.
CSRs: Chief of Staff Regulations.
CWS: Chemical Warfare Service.
DA: Department of the Army.
DA Cir: Department of the Army Memoramdums
DA GO: Department of the Army General Orders
DA Memo: Department of the Army Circulars
DA Pam: Department of the Army Pamphlet
DARPD: Reorganization Planning Directive.
DARCOM: Army Materiel Command (by another name).
DCSINT: Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence
DCSLOG: Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics.
EEIS: Enemy Equipment Intelligence Service.
ENL: Enlisted Personnel
FM: Field Manual.
FOA: Field Operating Agency.
FSTC: US Army Foreign Science and Technology Center.
FY: Fiscal Year
G-2: Head of the Intelligence Division of the General Staff; See Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence.
GO: General Orders.
GS: General Staff.
Hq: Headquarters
HQDA
INSCOM: U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command
Ltr: Letter
MACOM: major Army command
MD: Medical Department.
Memo: Memorandum.
MIA: Missile Intelligence Agency. It was later redesignated the US Army Missile and Space Intelligence Center (USAMSIC). See . 20, 30 Aug 85.
MID: Military Intelligence Division.
MIIA: US Army Medical Intelligence and Information Agency
MIS: Military Intelligence Service.
O: Office. [Used in combination, like OQMG for Office of the Quartermaster General.] TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.; See Technical Services.
OO: Office Order.
OACSI: Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence.
OFF: Officer
OPCON: Operational Control. See DA GO 18, 15 Jun 84.
Ord Dept: Ordnance Department.
PO: Permanent Orders :
QMC: Quartermaster Corps.
QMG: Quartermaster General.
SC: Signal Corps.
SCIA: Signal Corps Intelligence Agency.
SO: Special Orders
SOS: Services of Supply, see Army Service Forces.
SR: Special Regulations.
TC: Training Circular.; Transportation Corps.
TDA: Table of Distribution and Allowance
TECHINT: Technical Intelligence
TIFA: Technical Intelligence Field Agency
TM: Technical Manual.
TOE: Table of Organization and Equipment
USAMIIA: US Army Medical Intelligence and Information Agency
USAMSIC: US Army Missile and Space Intelligence Center. See DA GO 20, 30 Aug 85.
USASIA: US Army Signal Intelligence Agency Change 1, FM 11-30, 1 Nov 61.
USITAC: US Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center.
[Not a technical intelligence production organization]
WD: War Department.
WDGS: War Department General Staff.
WO: Warrant Officer

Glossary

You may leap to: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | W

A
Administrative Services
[1944] "Branches of the Army Service Forces primarily in charge of Army administration, such as the Judge Advocate General's Department or the Adjutant General's Department." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
[1948]" The four administrative services are
The Adjutant General's Department, which administers Army records, correspondence, publications, decorations and awards, and the Army Postal Service;
the Office of the Chief of Chaplains, responsible for the religious and moral welfare of the Army;
the Office of the Provost Marshal General, which provides trained military police and conducts necessary criminal investigation activities; and
the Office, Chief of Special Services, which administers policies for Army exchanges and provides facilities and programs for soldiers' off-duty entertainment and recreation. Page 28, Annual Report of the Secretary of the Army, 1948.
[1953]"Adjutant General's Corps, Chaplains, and Military Police Corps."
SR 320-5-1, 24 Nov 53 under the definition of Service.
Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center (AFMIC)
Army Committee on Technical Intelligence (ACTI)
A permanent standing Army committee chaired by Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, of the General Staff or his deputy and on which the Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics and the technical services were represented. The committee was intended..."to assist and advise the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, in determining policies which will govern the relationships and allocation of responsibilities among the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, and the heads of the technical services to provide for the attainment of [the intelligence] Program objectives." Described in Special Regulations 11-10-50, Execution, and Review and Analysis of the Intelligence Program (Army Program No. 5), 17 Sep 54.
Army General Staff
See General Staff.
Army Map Service (AMS)
" The Army Map Service not only produces intelligence as indicated below, but is also the primary mapping agency of the Chief of Engineers. Its principal intelligence elements are:
1. The Technical Services Division, which provides central engineer intelligence libraries, and produces intelligence for and on the production of maps.
2. The Engineer Strategic Intelligence Division (ESID) which is the principal engineer office in the Zone of Interior for the collection of engineer strategic intelligence and the production of intelligence other than maps."
P. 9-10, FM 5-30, Engineer Intelligence, 12 May 59.
Army Materiel Command (AMC)
A major command set up in 1962 as the successor to the technical services. It took over the materiel-related functions--and intelligence responsibilities related to materiel--from the technical services, except the Army Medical Service. The Army Materiel Command did not take over
- the personnel functions,
- the training functions, or
- the service activities (like the communication system run by the Signal Corps)
from the technical services.
The major changes in the army resulting from the 1962 reorganization are summarized in Arsenal for the Brave, p.14, "...the Army consisted, essentially, of two parts: its operational forces overseas, and its organization in the continental United States (CONUS). The reorganization of the Army in 1962 had restructured the latter. It had redesigned the CONUS organization to handle four major functional missions supporting the operational forces: developing doctrine, managing personnel, training troops, and providing equipment. In the process, it had brought into being three new operating agencies: the Combat Developments Command to establish doctrine, determine how the Army would fight, and decide what kind of equipment it needed; the Office of Personnel Operations at the Army Staff level to manage military careers; and the Army Materiel Command to exercise "womb-to-tomb" responsibility for almost all of the Army's equipment. In addition, the Continental Army Command had been modified to make it responsible for turning out trained troops and units for assignment to combat forces..."
Hewes, From Root To McNamara discusses the 1962 reorganization at length. Much of the book is background to the discussion of that reorganization.
[1983] The Commanding General, "AMC is responsible for integrated, systematized management of the Army's wholesale materiel activities. The wholesale responsibilities range from research through acquisition and distribution to disposal." The Department of the Army Manual, 1 October 1985, Page 6-11.
Army Medical Department(AMEDD)
According to the The Department of the Army Manual, 1 Oct 85, Page 5-47, the Army Medical Service was redesignated the Army Medical Department on 4 June 1968.
According to AR 10-5, 1 Dec 80, Page 2-34, The The Surgeon General "...serves as Chief of the AMEDD and commands AMEDD personnel, organizations, and facilities as assigned; [and] exercises technical staff supervision over all other facilities and units of the Army involved in delivery of health services."
Army Medical Service (AMS)
One of the Technial Services of the Army.
The new name given the Medical Department by the Army Organization Act of 1950 which says that "There shall be in the Army an Army Medical Service which shall consist of the Surgeon General and the Assistant Surgeons General...the Medical Corps, the Dental Corps, the Veterinary Corps, the Medical Service Corps, the Army Nurse Corps, and the Women's Medical Specialist Corps..."
The Surgeon General was the general in charge of the Army Medical Service.
According to the The Department of the Army Manual, 1 Oct 85. Page 5-47, the Army Medical Service was redesignated the Army Medical Department on 4 June 1968.
Army Regulations (AR)
[1944] "Policies and rules for governing the Army. They are issued by the War Department, usually as printed pamphlets, and have the force of law although they are not a part of statute law." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
[1976] "... Missions, responsibilities, policies, and administrative procedures necessary to insure uniform compliance with those policies." Page 2, AR310-2, 12 Jul 76.
Army Regulations and other administrative publications are numbered using classification system which is different from that used for training publications. The basic number indicates a subject, like:
- 10 -- Organization and Functions
- 11 -- Army Programs
- 320 -- Military Publications
- 380 -- Military Security
- 381 -- Military Intelligence
A second number distinguishes the publication from others in that series. For example, in the Organization and Functions series AR 10-5 has been issued to describe the "Department of the Army" and AR 10-50 was issued to describe the "United States Army Medical Intelligence and Information Agency."
See SR 310-20-1, 9 Feb 1949, for an explanation of the numbering systems for Army publications.
Army Service Forces (ASF)
"One of three major subdivisions of the Army. It provides general administration, transportation, supply, evacuation, and other services to meet the requirements of the Army. Formerly called Services of Supply." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
Army Service Forces existed during World War II, and it was abolished shortly afterward. For a good discussion of ASF, see Millett, The Organization and Role of the Army Service Forces.
Army Staff
" The Army Staff is that portion of the staff of the Secretary of the Army at the seat of government, which is presided over by the Chief of Staff." Army Regulations 310-25, 15 Oct 83.
Often a distinction has been made between the General Staff and the Special Staff.
Army Subject Schedule (ASubjScd)
"A Department of the army publication providing detailed guidance to instructors for the preparation of lesson plans and scheduling of periods of instruction for conduct of branch, general, or military occupational specialty training, in a particular subject, as outlined in Army training programs." Army Regulations 310-25, 15 Oct 83.
Army Training Program.(ATP)
A Department of the Army publication outlining minimum essential training for units and individuals of the Active and Reserve components. It prescribes subjects, and applicable supporting Army Subject Schedules. It lists essential study references and training aids for subjects not covered by Army Subject Schedules. Army Regulations 310-25, 15 Oct 83.
Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence
Under the basic pattern established after World War I, the officer in charge of the intelligence division of the Army General Staff was called "G-2." During World War II, the immediate staff of G-2 was the Military Intelligence Division. The operating arm of Military Intelligence Division, was the Military Intelligence Service which was supposed to be outside the general staff.
In 1946, War Department Circular 138, 1946, designated the head of the intelligence divsion the "Director of Intelligence." See Hewes, Pages 158-160.
From 1950 to 1956, the head of the intelligence section of the Army General Staff has been called the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, Intelligence. According to SR 10-5-1, 11 Apr 50, which restored the title "Assistant Chief of Staff...," his functions were "...plans, coordinates, and supervises the collection, evaluation, and dissemination of intelligence information pertaining to the war potential, topography, military forces, and military actifities of foreign countries, and the strategic vulnerability of the United States and its possessions. In addition thereto, he advises on counterintelligence matters; supervises counterintelligence activities; supervises military mapping; and performs the Army cryptologic functions utilizing the Army Security Agency for this purpose, and provides the official channel of liaison between the Army and foreign military personnel."
From 1956 to 1987, the head of the intelligence section of the Army General Staff has been called the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ACSI). See DA General Order 70, 27 Dec 55. The military intelligence section was known as the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence.
In 1987, that position was upgraded to Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence (DCSINT). See Finnegan, page 53. The officers holding the position of head of the intelligence section of the Army General Staff are listed in Appendix II to the The Military Intelligence Story by John Finnegan.
B
Basic Field Manual (BFM)
"The Basic Field Manual contains training and reference data applicable to more than one arm or service, with special reference to smaller units." Page 1, FM 21-6, 2 Jan 40.
When the modern system of training publications was being developed in 1939 and 1940, a distinction was made between "Field Manuals for the arms and services" and "Basic Field Manuals," and that distinction was reflected in references. In discussing the manual numbering system, for example, War Department Circular 36, 6 April 40 lists:
- FM 6-110, Field Artillery Field Manual - Pack Artillery
- FM 22-5, Basic Field Manual - Infantry Drill Regulations
In those references, "Field Artillery Field Manual" and "Basic Field Manual" are actually series names. In practice, the distinction between various kinds of field manuals was not useful and it was dropped. Quickly, it became common practice to refer to all field manuals simply by their number and name without reference to their series. Since everyone familiar with the numbering system knew what the basic numbers stood for, it was redundant to mention series as well. For more details about field manuals, see Field Manual.

Note:
In scholarly practice, the term "Basic Field Manual" is used, where appropriate, when referring to manuals issued before the present numbering system for training publications was adopted. For example, Field Manual 21-6, 2 Jan 40 lists "Basic Field Manual, Vol. X, Military Intelligence, Part Three, Examination of Enemy Personnel, Repatriates, Documents and Materiel" dated 21 Feb 1939. FM 30-15, 22 July 1940, which superceded it, gives the reference as "BFM, Vol. X, pt. Three, February 21, 1939."
Beach Erosion Board
"The Military Intelligence Division of the Beach Erosion Board...produces intelligence reports on coasts and landing beaches." It was an intelligence production organization of the Corps of Engineers. P. 10, FM 5-30, Engineer Intelligence, 12 May 59.
Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors
"The Foreign Ports Branch, Statistical Division of the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors...produces intelligence on foreign ports and their facilities." It was an intelligence production organization of the Corps of Engineers. P. 10, FM 5-30, Engineer Intelligence, 12 May 59.
Bulletin (Bull)
A type of order. "Official publication carrying advisory or informative material that is relatively permanent." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
C
Chemical Corps
One of the Technial Services of the Army.
The Chemical Warfare Service was redesignated the Chemical Corps by Public Law 607, August 20, 1946.
Chemical Warfare Service (CWS)
"Branch of the Army Service Forces charged with all phases of supply of chemical warfare materials and equipment, and the training of personnel in chemical warfare. The Chemical Warfare Service is in charge of research, development, manufacture, and procurement of gas, smoke generators, incendiaries, gas masks, flame throwers, etc. It also trains military personnel in the use of such materials and devices and in methods of protection and defense against casualty-producing chemical agents. The Chemical Warfare Service also acts in an advisory capacity on the chemistry of explosives." The Chief of the Chemical Warfare Service was the general in charge of the CWS. TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
The name was changed to the Chemical Corps by Public Law 607, August 20, 1946.
Chief Chemical Officer
This was the title of the general in charge of the Chemical Corps after passage of the Army Organization Act of 1950. From 1946 to 1950, the title " Chief of the Chemical Corps" was used.
The Office of the Chief Chemical Officer was abolished 1962. See Hewes, Page 363.
Chief of the Chemical Warfare Service
"Officer in administrative and technical command of the Chemical Warfare Service." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
When the Chemical Warfare Service was renamed the Chemical Corps in 1946, the title of the general in charge was changed to Chief of the Chemical Corps. In 1950, the title was changed to Chief Chemical Officer .
Chief of Engineers
"Officer in administrative and technical command of the Corps of Engineers." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
In 1959, Chief of Engineers had responsibility for producing maps and other types of intelligence. Those responsibilities were carried out under the supervision of the Intelligence Division of the Office of the Chief of Engineers by:
Page 8-10, FM 5-30, Engineer Intelligence, 12 May 59.
Chief of Ordnance
"Officer in administrative and technical command of the Ordnance Department." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44. In 1950, the Ordnance Department was renamed the Ordnance Corps.
The Office of the Chief of Ordnance was abolished in 1962. See Hewes, Page 363.
Chief of Service
General in charge of an administrative service or technical service of the Army.
[1944] "Senior general officer in one of the supply or administrative services of the Army, such as the Finance Department or the Chemical Warfare Service. The chief of a service is charged with preparing plans and policies for the organization, training, equipment, and operation of the service. There are no longer chiefs of arms, such as the Cavalry or Field Artillery." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
[1950] "The heads of the ... Technical Services are also staff officers of the Department of the Army. As such their general functions include---
1. ...technical advice and recommendations...
2. Preparation of plans, estimates, and orders.
3. Coordination of their operational, administrative and technical plans and activities with other staffs and agencies.
... In their capacities as heads of ... Technical Services, they are commanders of troops, activities, and installations assigned to their command, and as such have the usual functions of command over troops, activities, installations, and services ..." Page 16, SR 10-5-1, 11 Apr 50.
[1962] At the beginning of 1962, the chiefs of the technical services were the Chief Chemical Officer, the Chief of Engineers, the Chief of Ordnance, the Chief of Transportation, the Chief Signal Officer, The Quartermaster General, and The Surgeon General.
The headquarters of one of the chiefs was known as "the Office of the ..."
Chief of Staff (CofS)
"Executive staff officer of the War Department General Staff. Through the Chief of Staff the President of the United States, as Commander in Chief of the Army, exercises his functions in relation to strategy, tactics, and operations. The Chief of Staff serves as military advisor to the Secretary of War." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
Chief of Staff Regulations (CSRs)
A series of regulations issued in the name of the Chief of Staff. Apparently, those regulations govern the Army staff and are one means by which the Chief of Staff exercises his responsibility to manage the Army Staff. Those regulations are numbered using the basic numbering system used for Army Regulations and other administrative publications.
Chief of the Chemical Corps
When the Chemical Warfare Service was renamed the Chemical Corps its chief became the Chief of the Chemical Corps. Apparently, the title of the chief was changed to Chief Chemical Officer by virtue of being listed that way in the Army Organization Act of 1950.
Chief of Transportation (CofT)
"Officer in administrative and technical command of the Transportation Corps." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
Chief Signal Officer (CSigO)
"Officer in administrative and technical command of the Signal Corps." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44. The Chief Signal Officer survived the August 1, 1962 reogranization of the Army with a new title Chief of Communications-Electronics. See Hewes, Page 364.
Circular (Cir)
A type of order. "Official publication that usually contains information of a general but temporary nature." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
See Department of the Army Circulars.
Class II Activities or Installations
According to Hewes, p. 168, the classification system used in the 50's and 60's was established by War Department Circular 138 dated 13 May 1946. Hewes discusses class II installations at length in the context of attempts to control the technical services which were bureaucratic empires within the Army.
[1953] "Military installations within the United States under the command of a chief of technical or administrative service, or a head of a General or Special Staff Office, United States Army."
SR 320-5-1, 24 Nov 53.
[1956] Activities "Under the command of a staff agency of the Department of the Army." DA Pam 210-1, 1 May 56.
[1960] "A class II activity is one which is under the command of the head of a Headquarters, Department of the Army agency, or under the command of the Commanding General, United States Army Air Defense Command." DA Pam 210-1, 11 May 60.
[1962] "An installation or activity, located within the continental United States, which is under the command of the commanding general of the United States Army Materiel Command, the United States Army Combat Developments Command, or the United States Army Air Defense Command, or under the command of a head of a Headquarters, Department of the Army agency. DA Pam 210-1, 1 Nov 62.
[1971] "An installation or activity located within the continental United States that is not under the command of the Commanding General of the United States Army Continental Army Command." DA Pam 210-1, 30 Sept 71.
[1983] "classI/II. No longer used. Terms formerly in the military vocabulary to distinguish installations, activities, and installations which were assigned to the United States Continental Army Command from those assigned to other commands." Army Regulations 310-25, 15 Oct 1983.
Note: The introductions to the various editions of DA Pam 210-1 strive to distinguish between major and minor Class I and Class II activities and installations. For my purposes the, main point is that a Class II activity included those under the command of a Department of the Army agency, including the technical services, or later, under the United States Army Materiel Command(AMC). DA General Orders 46, 25 July 62 transferred a large number of installations and activities to the AMC designating them Class II installations and activities. Among the activities transferred from the technical services were their technical intelligence activities.
Although it is not relevant, I conjecture that the Class II installations under the Air Defense Command were probably the Nike missile bases ringing major American cities.
Chemical Corps Intelligence Agency
Command
See major Army command,
Communication Intelligence.
[1956] "...information obtained by intercepting enemy traffic and by applying electronic position finding techniques to enemy radio and radar stations. Also includes the study of the enemy's communication means, procedures, and security systems."
Note: Communication Intelligence is closely related to Electronic Intelligence. Neither have been the responsibility of the Signal Corps since late in World War II. Both are now the responsibility of the National Security Agency.

Continental Army Command.
Corps
"1. A tactical unit larger than a division and smaller than an army..."
"2. One of the branches of the Army; major subdivision of an arm or service, such as Coastal Artillery Corps, Corps of Engineers, Quartermaster Corps, and Medical Corps of the Medical Department." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
Corps of Engineers (CE)
One of the Technial Services of the Army.
"Branch of the Army that constructs and operates shelters, fortifications, bridges, and other structures, and many kinds of mechanical equipment." The Chief of Engineers is the general in charge of the Corps of Engineers. TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
D

Department of the Army (DA)
The National Security Act of 1947 renamed the War Department the Department of the Army.
The Army Organization Act of 1950 states that "The term 'Department of the Army' means the executive part of the Army Establishment at the seat of government." It defines the "Army Establishment" as "all organizations, forces, agencies, installations, and activities, including the Department of the Army,... under the control or supervision of the Secretary of the Army." The term Headquarters, Department of the Army" is often used in this sense.
Department of the Army Circulars (DA Cir)
"Instructions relating to one-time actions, informational material of a temporary nature, and procudures of limited duration. Each circular contains a statement indicating the date it expires (normally 1 year or less)." Page 2-1, AR 310-2, 12 Jul 76.
Department of the Army General Orders (DA GO)
[1975] AR 310-10, Military Orders, 3 Nov 75,completely changed the system of orders then in use. One major changes was that "permanent orders" replaced general orders. However, by the time AR 310-10, 3 Nov 75 was reprinted incorporating Changes 1-4 on 15 June 1978, Department of the Army general orders had been restored. According to Para 2-9, AR 310-2, 12 Jul 76 as amended by C1, 8 Nov 76, Department of the Army general orders are to contain:
Material of general interest, permanent or semipermanent in duration, pertaining to establishment, redesignation, inactivation, or discontinuance of commands, installations, agencies, and activities, announcements of awards, decorations, and unit citations: and similar subjects.

DA General Orders are serially numbered through the calendar year so the minimal citation for one lists the headquarters issuing the order, the number of the order, and the date. For example, DA GO 39, 18 Aug 49 unambiguously refers to Department of the Army General Orders 39, 18 August 1949.

A general order concerning a single subject may have a title. See DA GO 46, 25 Jul 62, which has the title "Transfers of Installations and Activities to the U.S. Army Materiel Command" and DA GO 18, 15 Jun 84 which has the title " US Army Intelligence Agency (Provisional)."

A general order may address several subjects. If it does, each subject will be addressed in a separate section. Individual sections are numbered with Roman numerals. The title of the section identifies the subject addressed. For example, "IV. Signal Corps Intelligence Agency " is the fourth section of DA GO 39, 18 Aug 49, and that section created the agency. A specific reference can include the section number, like, Sec. IV, DA GO 39, 18 Aug 49.
Department of the Army Memorandums(DA Memo)
"Directives and information of a continuing nature applicable only to Headquarters, Department of the Army and, on occasion, to the US Army Military District of Washington. DA Memorandums will not be referred to in publications or communications addressed to organizations and activities outside Headquarters, Department of the Army." They are numbered like Army Regulations and other administrative publications. Page 2-1, AR 310-2, 12 Jul 76.
Department of the Army Pamphlet (DA Pam)
"... Informational, instructional, or reference material of a continuing nature pertaining to administrative matters..." Page 2-1, AR310-2, 12 July 1976.
Department of Defense (DOD)
"An executive department of the Government consisting of the Secretary of Defense and his office, the War Council, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Staff and joint agencies, as well as the Departments of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force. It is headed by the Secretary of Defense. Formerly known as the National Military Establishment." AR 320-5, 31 Oct 67.
Departmental Intelligence
"Intelligence that any department or agency of the Federal Government requires to execute its own mission." P. 111, Joint Pub 1-02, 23 March 1994.
Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence
For much of the time from 1939 to the present, the head of the intelligence section of the Army General Staff has been called the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ACSI). In 1987, that position was upgraded to Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence (DCSINT). See Finnegan, page 53. The officers holding the position of head of the intelligence section of the Army General Staff are listed in Appendix II to the The Military Intelligence Story by John Finnegan.
E
Electronic Intelligence.
[1956] "...the collection and the technical processing for intelligence purposes, of information on non-communications, electro-magnetic radiations emanating from other than atomic detonation sources."
Page 4, FM 11-30, Signal Corps Technical Intelligence, 13 Aug 56.
Note: Electronic Intelligence is closely related to Communication Intelligence. Neither have been the responsibility of the Signal Corps since late in World War II. Both are now the responsibility of the National Security Agency.

Engineer Intelligence
[1959] "Engineer intelligence is engineer information which, after collection, has been processed into intelligence by evaluating it as to accuracy and reliability, and interpreting it to determine its significance in the light of what is already known." On the same page, engineer information is defined like this:
"Engineer information is data in any form (oral, written, or graphic) on-
1. The terrain, including location, identity, and physical description of all natural, manmade, and military features on the surface of geographical regions, and including the effects of the terrain on operations and the effects of the weather on terrain.
2. Research and development of materiel and techniques corresponding to that materiel and those techniques for which the Corps of Engineers is responsible.
3. Design, manufacture (including the capabilities or agencies engaged in manufacture), mechanical functioning, military and civilian inventories, supply (including procurement, storage, and issue), and maintenance of materiel corresponding to the materiel for which the Corps of Engineers is responsible.
4. Employment of materiel, techniques, and organizations corresponding to that materiel and those techniques and organizations for which the Corps of Engineers is responsible.
5. The order of battle of engineer units and similar information on civilian organizations capable of performing engineer missions.
6. The identity and accomplishments of outstanding civilians in the fields of technology corresponding to those fields for which the Corps of Engineers is responsible."
Page 4, FM 5-30, Engineer Intelligence, 12 May 59.
In 1959, engineer intelligence was produced under the supervision of the Intelligence Division of the Office of the Chief of Engineers by:
Page 8-10, FM 5-30, Engineer Intelligence, 12 May 59.
[1961] Defined in relation to transportation intelligence.
"The Chief of Engineers is responsible for making maps and geodetic surveys that show the location, identity, and physical characteristics of all natural, cultural, and military surface features of foreign geographical regions. His duties also include the development of intelligence data on the physical engineering characteristics and the conditions required for the maintenance, construction, reconstruction, and demolition of air, land, and water transportation systems. Responsibility for producing terrain intelligence has been assigned to the Chief of Engineers. For functions of the agencies that assist in the preparation of these studies see FM 5-30."
Page 11, FM 55-8, 6 Dec 61.
Enemy Equipment Intelligence Service (EEIS)
Teams of specialists from the technical services dispatched to the various theaters of operations during the latter part of World War II to conduct technical intelligence collection and analysis. They are discussed in Field Manual 11-35, Signal Corps Intelligence, 2 September 1942; in the 1945 edition of Field Manual 30-15, Examination of Enemy Personnel, Repatriates, Civilians, Documents, and Materiel; and in War Department Circular 13, Shipment of Captured Materiel to the United States for Intelligence Purposes, 11 Jan 45.
F

Field Manual(FM)
[1940] The current system of training publications came into use in 1939 and 1940. Field Manual 21-6, List of Training Publications, 2 Jan 40 -- the first such list issued as a field manual numbered with the current numbering system -- lists some field manuals numbered with the present system which were issued in 1939. It says on Page 1 that "Field Manuals constitute the primary means of expanding ...basic doctrines...They are to be used...as the primary texts for training in schools, including extension courses, in garrison, and in the field..."
[1944] "One of a series of official handbooks that contains general, elementary information and instructions for the training of military personnel, and for the operation and maintenance of materiel and equipment. Field manuals differ from Technical Manuals, which contain information of a technical, specialized nature. The Field and Technical Manuals are issued by the War Department.
TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
[1945] "Field Manuals constitute the primary means of promulgating the basic doctrines of military training and operations." Field manuals are numbered according to a simple classification system where the first number represents a basic subject and the second number distinguishes it from other manuals.
FM 21-6, 10 May 45, p.6 and p. 9.

[1976] Military doctrine, tactics, and techniques. Also, instructional, informational, and reference material related to military training and operations. p. 2-16, AR 310-2, 12 Jul 76.
Note:
(1) Since new manuals may be issued with the same number --for example, many editions of FM 30-16 have been issued -- the minimal citation for scholarly purposes must include the date of issue.
(2) If the title of the manual is included, it is not necessary to include the series names which may appear on the title page or may have appeared in references to it. For example, the title page of the FM 30-15, 22 July 1940, shows the title as:
Basic Field Manual
Military Intelligence
Examination of Enemy Personnel...

and the authentication statement signed by General Marshall gives it as "FM 30-15, Military Intelligence, Examination of Enemy Personnel..." In that case "Basic Field Manual" and "Military Intelligence" are series names. "FM 30-15, Examination of Enemy Personnel..., 22 July 1940" is a clear, unambiguous reference to that manual.
There is a separate section on Basic Field Manuals in this Glossary.

Field Operating Agency (FOA)
[1973] "The terms field operating agency and staff support agency replace the former designation Class II activity. A field operating agency is concerned primarily with operational functions, although it may operate under the supervision of a specific staff agency. A staff support agency, on the other hand, direcly supports the Army staff, usually with management information, analysis, or command and control support." Page ??, Department of the Army Historical Summary, Fiscal Year 1973.
[1983] "An agency under the supervision of the Headquarters, Department of the Army, but not a major Army command or part of a major command, which has the primary mission of executing policy." Army Regulations 310-25, 15 Oct 1983.
[1985] "The Army has some functional operating responsibilities that are not appropriate for assignment to one of the commanders in the field. These functions are nominally of headquarters nature, but are so limited in scope that each falls within the purview of one Army Staff agency. Therefore, separate organizations are designated for managing the particular functions and placed under direct operational control of the appropriate Staff agency head. These organizations are classified as field operating agencies (FOAs) under the Army staff." The Department of the Army Manual, 1 October 1985, Page 6-14.
G

General Orders
[1943] General orders should deal with issues which are "directive in nature, general in application, and of permanent duration..." See Wiles, Pages 232-5, and Orders, Pages 7-9, for discussions of the uses of general orders.
One important function of general orders is to reorganize a command.

[1976] According to AR 310-10, Military Orders, 3 Nov 75, effective 1 July 1976, "permanent orders" replaced "general orders." However, Department of the Army general orders were soon restored. From 1976 Department of the Army general orders have been used for the same basic purposes as permanent orders have been used for in major commands and other organizations.

Notes on scholarly practice: :
Orders are serially numbered through the calendar year so the minimal citation for one lists the headquarters issuing the order, the number of the order, and the date. For example, DA GO 39, 1949 unambiguously refers to Department of the Army General Orders 39, 18 August 1949.
"The body of the order may contain any number of paragraphs; or, if it is general order, it may be divided into sections and the sections may be broken into paragraphs." Orders P. 3.
Individual sections may be cited. The minimal citation for Section VIII," U.S. Army Foreign Science and Technology Center," of Department of the Army General Orders 57, 27 September 1962, would be Sec. VIII, DA GO 57, 1962.

General Staff (GS)
[1944]"Group of officers in a division or larger unit who assist their commander in planning, coordinating, and executing operations. A general staff is usually divided into four sections: personnel (G1), military intelligence (G2), operations and training (G3), and supply and evacuation (G4)." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
[1948] "...a closely coordinated group of officers constituting the principal assistants and advisers to the Chief of Staff. The General Staff is responsible for the development of land forces of the United States, in accordance with policy established by the President with the aid of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, subject ot the authorizations of Congress. Under the present organization, the General Staff is set up with five divisions each headed by a director. [Plans and Operations, Personnel and Administration, Intelligence, Organization and Training, Logistics]...The former designations G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, together with the titles of Assistant Chiefs of Staff for the respective "G" divisions were eliminated in 1946." Page 27, Annual Report of the Secretary of the Army, 1948.
[1950] According to Hewes, Special Regulation 10-5-1, 11 April 1950, restored the "G" system, replacing directors with assistant chiefs of staff. From Root to McNamara Page 377.
[1954] According to Hewes, the Secretary of the Army's (the Slezak) Plan, 14 June 1954, proposed replacing the Assistant Chiefs of Staff [except "G2"] with Deputy Chiefs of Staff and dropping the "G" designations in favor of functional titles. For example the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-4, became the Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics (DCSLOG). Under that plan DCSLOG was to become the Czar of the Army Technical Services. Part of that plan was implemented by Change 4 to Special Regulation 10-5-1, 8 September 1954. From Root to McNamara Page 232-235.
[1956] DA General Order 70, 27 Dec 55 changed the title of the head of the intelligence section to "Assistant Chief of Staff [for] Intelligence" eliminating the title Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, and eliminated the the titles Assistant Chief of Staff G-1 and Assistant Chief of Staff G-3.
[1983] "Group of Army officers under the direction of the Chief of Staff, who render professional advice and assistance to the Secretary, the Under Secretary and the Assistant Secretaries of the Army, in developing and providing broad basic policies, and plans and programs for the guidance of the Department of the Army. It specifically assists the Secretary of the Army in the preparation and issuance of directives and programs to implement such plans and policies, and in the supervision of the execution of these directives and programs." Army Regulations 310-25, 15 Oct 83.
See Army Staff, Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence .
H

Headquarters, Department of the Army.
"The executive part of the Department of the Army at the seat of government. It is the highest level in the Department of the Army, composed of the Army Secretariat, the Army General and special Staffs, and specifically designated staff support agencies. Headquarters, Department of the army, exercises directive and supervisory controls within the Department of the Army." Army Regulations 310-25, 15 October 1983.
The term "Department of the Army" alone is often used in the same sense. The Army Organization Act of 1950 states that "The term 'Department of the Army' means the executive part of the Army Establishment at the seat of government."
Historical Data Card
A form used to record the history of Army units and organizations. As orders and similar documents concerning an organization were received by the office keeping the form, information like its location, the command it was assigned to, T/O&E, etc., was recorded on the form. Since a single card might be used for the history of a single organization, many different editions may be encountered in a single file. One version in use in the 1950's was titled "Historical Data - Installation or Activity."
Historical Data Installation or Activity.
A version of the Historical Data Card form.
I

Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM)
A major command established in 1977 to perform intelligence, security, and electronic warfare functions in support of the Department of the Army and other major commands, and INSCOM can support commanders in the field. The commanding general, INSCOM, commands Army intelligence and security units above the corps level, both in the United States and overseas. Intelligence units which are organic to corps, divisions, separate brigades, and armored cavalry regiments are not assigned to INSCOM. The commanding general, INSCOM, is responsible for fulfilling national level intelligence, security, electronic warfare, and related functions. Based on Chapter 3, Paragraph 3-9, in AR 10-5, 1 Dec 80.
M

Major Army Command (MACOM)
A command directly subordinate to, established by the authority of, and specifically designated by Headquarters, Department of the Army. Army Regulations 310-25, 15 Oct 83.
Contrast this to a Field Operating Agency.
Medical Department (MD)
One of the Technial Services of the Army.
"Branch of the Army Service Forces that is responsible for the health of men and animals in the Army. It consists of the Medical Corps, the Dental Corps, the Veterinary Corps, the Army Nurse Corps, and the Sanitary Corps..." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
The Surgeon General was the general in charge of the Medical Department.
The name of the Medical Department was changed to the Army Medical Service by the Army Organization Act of 1950.
According to the The Department of the Army Manual, 1 Oct 85. Page 5-47, the Army Medical Service was redesignated the Army Medical Department on 4 June 1968.
Medical Intelligence
"That category of intelligence resulting from collection, evaluation, analysis, and interpretaion of foreign medical, bio-scientific, and environmental information which is of interest to strategic planning and operations of the conservation of the fighting strength of friendly forces and formation of assessments of foreign medical capacities in both military and civilian sectors." P. 234, Joint Pub 1-02, 23 March 1994.
Memorandum (Memo)
"routine order by the War Department, or a headquarters that gives directions, advice, or information. A memorandum is often issued instead of a bulletin or circular.
Plural: memorandums or memoranda." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
Military Geology Branch of the U.S. Geological Survey
"This a bureau of the Department of the Interior which produces, for and at the expense of the Chief of Engineers, intelligence pertaining primarily to the natural features of the terrain and natural resources. They report on such basic subjects as soils, geology, vegetation ground water, minerals, fuels, geophysical phenomena, and state of ground; and such interpretive subjects as concealment and cover, cross-country movement, construction materials, suitability for and problems of construction, prediction of suitable areas for airborne operations, effects of nuclear weapons on terrain and water supply." P. 10, FM 5-30, Engineer Intelligence, 12 May 59.
An organizational chart accompanying the text quoted above shows that the "World Soils Group" of the U.S. Department of Agriculture worked for the Military Geology Branch.
Military Intelligence
"Intelligence on any foreign military or military-related situation or activity which is significant to military policy-making or the planning or conduct of military operations and activities. P. 239, Joint Pub 1-02, 23 March 1994.
Military Intelligence Division, War Department, General Staff
[1944]"Division of the War Department General Staff that gathers, evaluates, interprets, and disseminates information of military value." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
From the 1950s into the 1980s, the intelligence section of the General Staff was called the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence.
Military Intelligence Service (MIS)
[1944]"Branch of the Military Intelligence Division..." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
Missile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC)
N

National Ground Intelligence Center (NGIC)
National Intelligence
"Integrated departmental intelligence that covers the broad aspects of national policy and national security, is of concern to more than one department or agency, and transcends the exclusive competence of a single department or agency." P. 253, Joint Pub 1-02, 23 March 1994.
National Intelligence Surveys
"Basic intelligence studies produced on a coordinated interdepartmental basis and concerned with characteristics, basic resources, and relatively unchanging natural features of a foreign country or other area." P. 254, Joint Pub 1-02, 23 March 1994.
O

Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (OACSI)
The military intelligence section of the Army General Staff. It was called the Military Intelligence Division during World War II.
Office Orders (OO)
The headquarters of one of the chiefs of the Army technical services was known as "The Office of the..." Around the time of the Second World War, office orders were used to restructure the technical services in the way that general orders were used it restructure military units. Apparently, they were also used to make personnel assignments in the same way that special orders were used by military units.
Note: This definition is based on examples of office orders issued during World War II.
Orders
[1943] "The routine orders of the War Department ... [and other significant commands and organizations]... are designated 'general orders,' '...court-martial orders,' 'special orders,' 'operations orders' ... 'bulletins,' 'circulars,' and 'memorandums'... These publications will be numbered consecutively in separate series for each calendar year." Orders p. 1.
See also Office Orders.
"The body of the order may contain any number of paragraphs; or, if it is general order, it may be divided into sections and the sections may be broken into paragraphs." Orders P. 3.
[1975] AR 310-10, Military Orders, 3 Nov 75,completely changed the system of orders then in use. One significant change was that "Permanent orders and orders replace unit, letter, special and general orders..." Paragraph 1-6 provided that:
"Orders are required for certain travel, promotion, certain personnel actions, and separation. "Permanent orders are required for awards ... and for unit organization actions."

Note: By the time AR 310-10, 3 Nov 75 was reprinted incorporating Changes 1-4 on 15 June 1978, Department of the Army General Orders had been restored. They were to be used for the same basic purposes as permanent orders used for in major commands and other organizations. According to Para 2-9, AR 310-2, 12 Jul 76 as amended by C1, 8 Nov 76, Department of the Army General Orders were to contain:
Material of general interest, permanent or semipermanent in duration, pertaining to establishment, redesignation, inactivation, or discontinuance of commands, installations, agencies, and activities, announcements of awards, decorations, and unit citations: and similar subjects.

Ordnance Department (Ord Dept)
"That branch of the Army Service Forces that deals with the design, construction, testing, and supply of ordnance materiel. The Ordnance Department provides guns, ammunition, targets, armored and track-laying vehicles, apparatus for sighting and firing guns, and aviation combat equipment. It also maintains arsenals and depots for the design, manufacture, testing, storage and issue of such materiel."
The Chief of Ordnance was the general in charge of the Ordnance Department. TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
Ordnance Corps
One of the Technial Services of the Army.
The name given the Ordnance Department in the Army Organization Act of 1950.
Ordnance Technical Intelligence Agency
P

Permanent Orders
Permanent orders, which replaced general orders in 1976, are described at length in AR 310-10, Military Orders, 3 Nov 75. Paragraph 1-6 states that "Permanent orders are required for awards ... and unit organization actions..." Two types of "unit organization actions" are illustrated by Format 740 (on Page A-126) for "ACTIVE, INACTIVE, ORGANIZE, REORGANIZE, DESIGNATE, REDESIGNATE, OR DISCONTINUE AND ORGANIZATION/UNIT" and Format 745 (on Page A-127) for "ASSIGNMENT, TRANSFER, ATTACHMENT, RELIEF FROM ATTACHMENT, REASSIGNMENT, OR CHANGE OF STATION (TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT) OF ORGANIZATION/UNIT."
Paragraph 1-11, describes the numbering system for permanent orders:
..."Permanent orders" will be numbered consecutively for each calendar year, starting with the number one followed by the number of the order issued the same day. For example, the 5th permanent order issued by one organization on 1 January would be number 1-5, and the first permanent order issued on 2 January would be numbered 2-1 ... If no order was issued on 3 January, the first permanent order issued on 4 January would be numbered 3-1...

Note: It appears that permanent orders of major commands are being used to make--or possibly, document--the sort of major changes in organizations which once were made--or documented--exclusively with Department of the Army general orders. For example, the Army Area Analysis Intelligence Agency was "discontinued as a Department of the Army activity" by Sec. I, DA GO 12, 19 Mar 63, and although the order did not say so, its resources and functions were transferred to the Defense Intelligence Agency. Recently, the United States Army Missile and Space Intelligence Center was reassigned to the Defense Intelligence Agency by a permanent order from the U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command, INSCOM Permanent Order 1-20, 3 Jan 92.
Similarly, INSCOM Permanent Order 79-1, 20 Sep 91, reassigned the U.S. Army Intelligence Agency from the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, a section of the Army general staff, to the Army Intelligence and Security Command itself.
Q

Quartermaster Corps (QMC)
One of the Technial Services of the Army.
"Branch of the Army Service Forces which is responsible for the provision of food, clothing, equipment, housing, etc., for the Army." The Quartermaster General was the general in charge of the Quartermaster Corps. TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
The Quartermaster General (QMG)
"Officer, with the rank of major general, who is head of the Quartermaster Corps and is responsible for the direction and supervision of its services." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
The Office of the Quartermaster General was abolished on August 1, 1962. Most major functions had been assumed by the newly organized Defense Supply Agency and the Army Material Command. Remaining functions were performed by the new Chief of Support Services. See Hewes, Page 359.
Quartermaster Intelligence Agency
R

Reorganization Planning Directive
A type of order used to assign responsibilities for the execution of the reorganization of the Army in 1962.
S
Scientific Intelligence.
"Scientific Intelligence is that component of strategic intelligence which deals with the progress of research and development of materiel by foreign nations with relation to its effect on the economic and military potential of these nations. That part of the determination of the military potential that pertains to research and development on weapons overlaps the field of technical intelligence.
Scientific and Technical Intelligence.
"The product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis and interpretation of foreign scientific and technical information which covers. a. Foreign developments in basic and applied Research, and in applied engineering techniques; and b. Scientific and technical characteristics, capabilities, and limitations of all foreign military systems, weapons, weapons systems, and material, the research and development related thereto: and the production methods employed for their manufacture." AR320-5, 31 Oct 67. See Technical Intelligence.
Service (SV or SERV)
[1944] "1. Any branch of the Army mainly concerned with administration, supply, transportation, or medical care; noncombatant branch; one of the subdivisions of the Army Service Forces. TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44. See chief of service.
[1953]"... branch of the Army primarily concerned with providing combat service support and/or administration to the Army as a whole [including the administrative services and the technical services] as opposed to arm, the primary mission of which is combat and combat support..."
SR 320-5-1, 24 Nov 53
Services of Supply (SOS)
See Army Service Forces
Signal Corps (Sig C or SC)
One of the Technial Services of the Army.
"Branch of the Army which is in charge of military communications, including development. procurement, maintenance, and operation of signal equipment. Is is under the supervision of the Commanding General, Army Service Forces." The Chief Signal Officer was the general in charge of the Signal Corps. TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
Signal Corps Intelligence Agency (SCIA)
[1956] "The Signal Corps Intelligence Agency ... is the principal field intelligence activity [of the Chief Signal Officer]. The SCIA is responsible for--
1. Producing, and keeping current files of information and and intelligence for use of both the Signal Corps and the Office of the ACSI. This includes intelligence concerning all activities of all foreign countries which parallel the U.S. Army Signal Corps, such as:
  1. Foreign equipment design, performance, manufacture, storage, maintenance, capabilities, and limitations.
  2. Foreign military communication organizations, installations, signal doctrines and techniques.
  3. Foreign civilian communications facilities: their nature, operating characteristics, capabilities, limitations, vulnerabilities, and military use potential, including the effects of weather, terrain, and other environmental factors.
2. Disseminating intelligence to ACSI and to elements of the Signal Corps.
3. Exercising technical supervision over collection and use of signal intelligence information in theaters of operation.
4. Processing and abstracting information from foreign equipment received from overseas theaters.
5. Originating and processing collection requirements for signal information and foreign signal equipment and supplies and forwarding them to ACSI for consideration at that level, or concurrently through channels, to appropriate Signal Corps elements in theaters of operation.
6. Training personnel and units for specialization in technical analysis and the preparation of technical reports, studies, and estimates."
Pages 8-9, FM 11-30, Signal Corps Technical Intelligence, 13 Aug 56.
Signal Corps Technical Intelligence or Signal Intelligence.
[1956] "...that portion of technical and scientific intelligence that is concerned with signal and electronic equipment, systems, installations, organizations, doctrines, tactics, and techniques of foreign nations, both military and civil. It is the function of the Signal Corps and a vital element of the overall technical intelligence pattern coordinated by the Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence (ACSI)."
Note: Signal Corps Technical Intelligence is distinct and separate from Communication Intelligence and from Electronic Intelligence.
Pages 3-4, FM 11-30, Signal Corps Technical Intelligence, 13 Aug 56.
Special Orders
[1943] "Special orders have to do with personnel--individuals or groups of individuals constituting any part of a command. Considering the definition for general orders, it may be said that special orders are directive in nature, individual (or personal) in application, and of either temporary or permanent nature... Appointment, assignment, promotion, transfer, relief, discharge, retirement of officers and enlisted men, warrant officers, and members of the Army Nurse Corps are accomplished by special orders. Orders p. 10.
According to AR 310-10, Military Orders, 3 Nov 75, effective 1 July 1976, "orders" replaced "special orders" and permanent orders replaced general orders.
Special Regulations (SR)
Apparently, Special Regulations were used to elaborate on or implement Army Regulations. They were in use in the late 1940's and in the 1950's.
Special Regulations were numbered using the same basic numbering system as Army Regulations with an additional number attached. Army Regulations and Special Regulations were listed together in the Index of Administrative Publications. In the list regulations, the two-part numbers were Army Regulations and those with three-part numbers were Special regulations. For example, in a 1955, 10-330 was the Army Regulations on the "Quartermaster Corps" and 10-330-1 was the Special Regulations on the "Department of the Army; Office of the Quartermaster General." 11-3 was the Army Regulations on the "Revision of primary programs" and 11-10-50 was the Special Regulations on "Execution, and Review and Analysis of the Intelligence Program (Army Program No. 5)."
SR 310-20-1, 9 Feb 1949, describes the numbering system for Army publications.
Special Staff
[1944]"Staff group, separate from the general staff of a unit, including those officers of the various arms and services assigned to a headquarters for technical, supply, and administrative purposes. TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
[1967]"All staff officers having duties at a headquarters and not included in the general (coordinating) staff group or in the personal staff group. The special staff includes certain technical specialists and the heads of services, e.g. quartermaster officer, antiaircraft officer, transportation officer, etc." AR 320-5, 31 Oct 67. See Army Staff.
Between the wars and after World War II, the technical services were considered Special Staff agencies of the War Department and the Headquarters, Department of the Army.
The Surgeon General.
"Chief of the Medical Department of the Army." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
The Medical Department was renamed the Army Medical Service by the Army Organization Act of 1950.
According to the The Department of the Army Manual, 1 Oct 85, Page 5-47, the Army Medical Service was redesignated the Army Medical Department on 4 June 1968.
T
Table of Distribution .
A table which prescribes the organizational structure and personnel of a military unit to perform a specific mission for which there is no appropriate table of organization and equipment.
From SR 320-5-1, 24 Nov 53.
Table of Distribution and Allowance(TDA).
A table which prescribes the organizational structure personnel and equipment authorizations, and requirements of a military unit to perform a specific mission for which there is no appropriate table of organization and equipment.
From AR 320-5, 31 Oct 67.
Table of Organization and Equipment (TOE)
A table which prescribes the normal mission, organizational structure, and personnel and equipment authorization for a military unit. From SR 320-5-1, 24 Nov 53.
Technical Intelligence.
[1953] "Intelligence pertaining to the principles of design and operation, nomenclature, physical characteristics, performance, operational capabilities and limitations of foreign material and facilities used by or for the support of military forces. In a broad sense, technical intelligence may also embrace the manufacture, storage, installation, maintenance, and operating aspects of foreign materiel and facilities, including the effects of weather, terrain, other environmental factors, and military action thereon, as well as the nature, organization, and activities of foreign agencies having the functions analogous to those of the technical services in the United States Army."
SR 320-5-1, 24 Nov 53.
[1967] "Intelligence concerning foreign technological developments, performance and operational capabilities of foreign materiel, which now or may eventually have practical application for military purposes. It is the end product resulting from the processing and collating of technical information. See Scientific and Technical Intelligence. AR 320-5, 31 Oct 67.
[1994] "Intelligence derived from exploitation of foreign materiel, produced for strategic, operational, or tactical level commanders. Technical intelligence begins when an individual serice member finds something new on the battlefield and takes the proper steps to report it. The item is then exploited at succeedingly higher levels until a countermeasure is produced to neutralize the adversary's technological advantage. Also called TECHINT. P. 382, Joint Pub 1-02, 23 March 1994.
Technical Intelligence Field Agency
Technical Manual (TM)
[1940] Technical Manuals were authorized by War Department Circular 36, 6 April 40 as replacements for the earlier technical regulations and training regulations. That circular states that "Technical manuals consist of a series of pamphlets supplementing the Field Manuals covering subjects, the separate treatment of which is considered essential to a fuller accomplishment of the training prescribed in the Field Manual series. The scope of this series includes pamphlets describing materiel and containing instructions for the operation, care, and handling thereof; guidebooks for instructors and specialists; material for extension courses; reference books; and the like."
The basic numbering system outlined in that circular is still in use. Training publications were to be numbered using two-part numbers. The first number represented the subject the manual is related to. The second number differentiates the manuals in a series. Numbers 1-199 were reserved for field manuals and 200 and above for technical manuals. The examples given are:
- FM 6-110 Field Artillery Field Manual - Pack Artillery
- FM 22-5 Basic Field Manual - Infantry Drill Regulations
- FM 100-5 Field Service Regulations - Operations
- TM 4-235 Coast Artillery Target Practice
[1942] Section II of Training Circular 81, 6 Nov 42 instructed the technical services to prepare an "operator's Technical Manual, similar in form and content to our own" for captured equipment. The number of the technical manual was to "be the same as the nearest like item of American issue with the letter "E" preceding the number." That resulted in the publication of a number of technical manuals like TM E9-369A, German 88-mm Antiaircraft Gun Materiel, 29 June 43 and TM E9-803, German Volkswagen, 6 June 1944, which are listed in FM 21-6, List and Index of War Department Publications, 10 May 45.
[1944] "One of a series of official handbooks that contain technical, detailed information and instructions for the specialized training of military personnel, and for the operation and maintenance of materiel and equipment. Technical Manuals differ from Field Manuals, which contain information of a general or tactical nature. The manuals are issued by the War Department."
TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
Note: Since new technical manuals may be issued with the same number, the minimal citation for scholarly purposes must include the date of issue, like Technical Manual 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
Technical Services
Summary: The Army technical services were bureaus providing the Army with supplies, equipment, training, and services. Each was headed by a chief of service. In 1962, the technical services were abolished. Logistics and training functions were reassigned. The offices of the chiefs of some were continued to provide services. The Surgeon General and the Chief of Engineers are the only ones which survive under their old titles. The corresponding branches were not abolished. For example, officers continue to be commissioned in the ordnance corps although there is no Chief of Ordance.
[1944] [singular] "One of the branches of the Army ... whose chief mission is the procurement and distribution of supplies needed by various units of the Army. Formerly called supply service." TM 20-205, 18 Jan 44.
[1948] "The seven technical services are the
Chemical Corps, responsible for smoke and incendiary materials, toxic gases, chemical weapons, and equipment;
the Medical Department, responsible for the selection, health, medical treatment of medical personnel, including the administration of Army hospitals, and which also maintains a veterinary service;
the Corps of Engineers, responsible for the Army's construction work, including buildings, bridges, etc., surveying and map reproduction, camouflage, water purification and distribution, fire-fighting and demolition, and the improvement of waterways and flood control;
the Quartermaster Corps, responsible for the procurement of food, clothing, fuel, and other materials of a nonmilitary nature, and for conduction research in the fields of food and nonmilitary, supplies; also the burial of deceased military personnel, the maintenance of national cemeteries in the United States and abroad and the repatriation of deceased military personnel;
the Signal Corps, responsible for the installation, maintenance, and operation of Army communications systems, and for Army photographs and motion pictures;
the Ordnance Department, responsible for the development and procurement of tanks, combat and transport vehicles, artillery and small arms and their ammunition, bombs, grenades, pyrotechnics, and mine equipment; and
the Transportation Corps, responsible for marine, railway, and highway transportation of Army personnel and supplies, for the transportation of war dead under repatriation programs, and for Army ports of embarkation and debarkation. Page 28-29, Annual Report of the Secretary of the Army, 1948.
[1953] " Chemical Corps, Corps of Engineers, Quartermaster Corps, Ordnance Corps, Signal Corps, Army Medical Service, and Transportation Corps." That list came from SR 320-5-1, 24 Nov 53 under the definition of "Service".
[Discussion]. When the Army Service Forces was created "six 'supply arms and services' of the War Department, later redesignated 'technical services'" [by ASF Cir 30, 15 May 43] were transferred to it. "These supply arms and services were the Offices of the Chief of Ordnance, The Quartermaster General, the Chief of Engineers, The Surgeon General, the Chief Signal Officer, and the Chief of the Chemical Warfare Service. [The Transportation Corps was created shortly afterward.] Each branch had its own history, traditions, and esprit de corps... Each chief of a supply arm and service headed a large operation with a headquarters in Washington and various field installations scattered throughout the United States under his complete administrative control. Each ... was a procurement agency of the War Department...Each supp