FIVE STAGES OF HOSTAGE POST-EPISODIC REACTION TO CAPTIVITY NORMAL RESPONSE PATHOLOGICAL RESPONSE Stage I Outcry - anger, rage, sadness Overwhelmed - panic, fear, hysteria Stage II Denial - cannot have happened Extreme Avoidance - drugs, alcohol use, mental blocking Stage III Intrusion - voluntary thoughts Flooded Status - nightmares, of the event repeated disturbing thoughts of the event Stage IV Working Through - face the Psychosomatic Responses - new reality of the situation and ailments arise, inability to the verity of continuation of cope with day to day tasks life Stage V Completion - move on with life, Character Distortions - long closure term distortions of character and core personality drawn from James Poland, Understanding Terrorism, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, l988, p. 140-141.